{"id":4117,"date":"2024-11-29T15:14:58","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:14:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/can-the-revival-of-the-edc-spur-defense-integration-in-europe\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:45:58","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:45:58","slug":"can-the-revival-of-the-edc-spur-defense-integration-in-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/can-the-revival-of-the-edc-spur-defense-integration-in-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"La relance de la CED peut-elle stimuler l’int\u00e9gration de la d\u00e9fense en Europe ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Professeur Franz C. Mayer<\/strong>, titulaire de la chaire de droit public, de droit europ\u00e9en, de droit international public, de droit compar\u00e9 et de droit et politique \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de Bielefeld.<\/em><\/p>\n

Il suffirait de deux ratifications suppl\u00e9mentaires pour que le trait\u00e9 instituant la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) entre en vigueur (Art. 132 du trait\u00e9 de la CED).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, il existe d’importantes raisons de ne pas revitaliser ce vieux trait\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cela commence par la signification et l\u2019objectif du trait\u00e9. La CED avait une perspective diff\u00e9rente. \u00c0 l\u2019instar de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne du charbon et de l\u2019acier, la CED visait \u00e0 r\u00e9unir des \u00c9tats auparavant hostiles de telle sorte que la guerre devienne impossible ou du moins difficile. Les ingr\u00e9dients de la guerre, l\u2019\u00e9nergie et l\u2019acier, \u00e9taient retir\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-nations et plac\u00e9s sous un contr\u00f4le supranational. La CED \u00e9tait la suite logique de cette d\u00e9marche\u00a0: non seulement les ingr\u00e9dients de la guerre, mais aussi les arm\u00e9es nationales elles-m\u00eames devaient \u00eatre plac\u00e9es sous un contr\u00f4le supranational. Cette perspective \u00e9tait introspective\u00a0: les <\/span>Erbfeinde, <\/span><\/i>\u00ab ennemis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires \u00bb, que sont l\u2019Allemagne et la France, devaient \u00eatre rapproch\u00e9s par l\u2019int\u00e9gration de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 mettre un terme \u00e0 la s\u00e9rie de guerres entre ces voisins au c\u0153ur de\u00a0l\u2019Europe. Si cette logique \u00e9tait appliqu\u00e9e aux conflits actuels, tant l\u2019Ukraine que la Russie devraient rejoindre une structure commune. Toutefois, une telle perspective n\u2019est pas \u00e0 l\u2019horizon. Aujourd\u2019hui, l\u2019objectif premier de la CED serait clairement de garantir les capacit\u00e9s de d\u00e9fense europ\u00e9ennes face \u00e0 la Russie.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 premi\u00e8re vue, la r\u00e9activation d\u2019un trait\u00e9 aussi ancien ne semble pas tr\u00e8s plausible, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que tant de choses ont chang\u00e9 en Europe au cours des 70 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Le droit des trait\u00e9s traite cette question avec la<\/span> clause<\/span> rebus sic stantibus<\/span><\/i> (Art. 62 de la CVDT).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais, \u00e0 proprement parler, l\u2019accent n\u2019est pas mis sur un trait\u00e9. L\u2019id\u00e9e est de s\u2019appuyer sur les ratifications existantes. Apr\u00e8s tout, la France et l\u2019Italie devraient encore prendre l\u2019initiative politique et ratifier toutes deux le trait\u00e9. Ce n\u2019est qu’\u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0 qu\u2019il entrerait en vigueur, qu\u2019il serait politiquement mis \u00e0 jour, pour ainsi dire. Le fait que rien ne d\u00e9pende de l\u2019Allemagne pour le moment ne correspond pas seulement \u00e0 la position passive adopt\u00e9e par les Allemands sur les questions militaires au fil des ans. Cela aurait \u00e9galement l\u2019avantage que les objections constitutionnelles habituelles de l\u2019Allemagne \u00e0 toute nouveaut\u00e9 dans le contexte europ\u00e9en et l’in\u00e9vitable soumission \u00e0 la Cour constitutionnelle f\u00e9d\u00e9rale allemande qui pourraient \u00e9ventuellement faire obstacle, soient pour l’instant sans importance.<\/span> L\u2019Allemagne a ratifi\u00e9 le trait\u00e9, est formellement li\u00e9e par celui-ci et ne peut pas facilement r\u00e9voquer cette ratification. Il n\u2019y a \u00e9galement pas de moyen simple de saisir la Cour constitutionnelle allemande dans cette constellation. Fait amusant : la Cour constitutionnelle allemande s\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 prononc\u00e9e sur la CED en 1952, bien que l\u2019affaire ne soit pas all\u00e9e tr\u00e8s loin en raison d\u2019un manque de qualit\u00e9 juridique.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur du trait\u00e9, la CED devrait bien s\u00fbr \u00eatre mise \u00e0 jour. Pour ce faire, une conf\u00e9rence intergouvernementale devrait \u00eatre convoqu\u00e9e imm\u00e9diatement pour mettre \u00e0 jour et compl\u00e9ter le texte du trait\u00e9. Voici un exemple parmi les nombreuses questions qui se posent<\/span> : comment assurer le contr\u00f4le parlementaire au niveau europ\u00e9en\u00a0? Confier cette t\u00e2che aux PE des 27 \u00c9tats membres alors que seuls six d’entre eux sont impliqu\u00e9s dans la CED n’est pas tr\u00e8s plausible.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et \u00e0 ce stade, il faudrait tenir compte des param\u00e8tres constitutionnels qui ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis 1952. Le principe d\u2019une arm\u00e9e parlementaire s\u2019applique aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e allemande : aucun d\u00e9ploiement de la Bundeswehr \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger sans l\u2019accord pr\u00e9alable du Bundestag. Ce n\u2019est pas seulement en Allemagne que l\u2019abolition des arm\u00e9es nationales envisag\u00e9e dans le cadre de la CED risque de rencontrer des r\u00e9serves claires quant \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9 aujourd’hui. Pour l\u2019Allemagne, c\u2019est l\u2019arr\u00eat Lisbonne de la Cour constitutionnelle allemande qui contient des passages allant dans ce sens.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, l\u2019exemple du trait\u00e9 Euratom montre qu\u2019une communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne peut continuer \u00e0 exister parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne. Cependant, Euratom n\u2019est pas le seul mod\u00e8le concevable pour la coexistence de la Communaut\u00e9 et de l\u2019Union : dans le cadre de la conf\u00e9rence intergouvernementale, l\u2019\u00e9largissement de la CED \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00c9tats pourrait \u00e9galement \u00eatre un sujet de discussion. Il s\u2019agirait en premier lieu d\u2019\u00c9tats membres suppl\u00e9mentaires de l\u2019UE, mais l\u2019inclusion d\u2019\u00c9tats non membres tels que le Royaume-Uni, et peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame l\u2019Ukraine \u00e0 l\u2019avenir, serait \u00e9galement envisageable.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019avantage de la CED serait d\u2019offrir un nouveau point de d\u00e9part pour le d\u00e9veloppement futur de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 europ\u00e9ennes. Un nouvel \u00e9lan. Dans le cadre du trait\u00e9 de l\u2019UE avec 27 \u00c9tats membres, tout d\u00e9veloppement ult\u00e9rieur risque d’\u00eatre lent et difficile. En m\u00eame temps, le concept d\u2019avant-garde pourrait \u00eatre test\u00e9 ici avec la CED, certains \u00c9tats jouant un r\u00f4le de<\/span> pionnier dans les questions d\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne.<\/span><\/p>\n

Certes, la voie de la CED ne serait pas exempte d\u2019obstacles et de probl\u00e8mes. Ceux-ci semblent toutefois pouvoir \u00eatre r\u00e9solus. Il faudrait avant tout une volont\u00e9 politique correspondante.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Professeur Franz C. Mayer, titulaire de la chaire de droit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nLa relance de la CED peut-elle stimuler l'int\u00e9gration de la d\u00e9fense en Europe ? - Alcide Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/can-the-revival-of-the-edc-spur-defense-integration-in-europe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La relance de la CED peut-elle stimuler l'int\u00e9gration de la d\u00e9fense en Europe ? - Alcide Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Professeur Franz C. 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