{"id":4119,"date":"2024-11-29T15:05:48","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/can-the-european-defence-community-edc-be-expanded-to-other-member-states\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:42:56","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:42:56","slug":"can-the-european-defence-community-edc-be-expanded-to-other-member-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/can-the-european-defence-community-edc-be-expanded-to-other-member-states\/","title":{"rendered":"La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) peut-elle \u00eatre \u00e9tendue \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00c9tats membres ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr Niels Kirst<\/strong>, professeur adjoint de droit europ\u00e9en \u00e0 Dublin City University et directeur adjoint de DCU Brexit Institute<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED), propos\u00e9e au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1950, repr\u00e9sente un moment charni\u00e8re dans l\u2019histoire de l\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 collective. Visant \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une organisation supranationale de d\u00e9fense, le trait\u00e9 de la CED cherchait \u00e0 int\u00e9grer les arm\u00e9es de six membres fondateurs : la France, l\u2019Allemagne, l\u2019Italie et les pays du Benelux. Compte tenu des d\u00e9fis croissants en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 auxquels l\u2019Europe est confront\u00e9e en raison de l\u2019invasion ill\u00e9gale de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie et de la deuxi\u00e8me pr\u00e9sidence Trump \u00e0 venir aux \u00c9tats-Unis, il convient de se demander si la CED serait ouverte \u00e0 l\u2019adh\u00e9sion de nouveaux \u00c9tats membres.<\/span><\/p>\n

Juridiquement, le trait\u00e9 de la CED autorise explicitement l\u2019adh\u00e9sion d\u2019autres pays europ\u00e9ens au-del\u00e0 des six membres fondateurs. L\u2019article 129 du trait\u00e9 de la CED pr\u00e9voit que des membres suppl\u00e9mentaires peuvent adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 la Communaut\u00e9, \u00e0 condition d\u2019avoir obtenu l’avis du Commissariat et l’approbation unanime du Conseil. Selon l\u2019article 19 du trait\u00e9 de la CED, le Commissariat est un conseil ex\u00e9cutif d’experts ind\u00e9pendants nomm\u00e9s par les \u00c9tats membres contractants. Selon l\u2019article 39 du trait\u00e9 de la CED, le Conseil est con\u00e7u comme l\u2019organe de d\u00e9cision des repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats membres contractants, \u00e0 l\u2019instar du Conseil au niveau de l\u2019UE. La clause d\u2019adh\u00e9sion refl\u00e8te donc l\u2019id\u00e9e que les d\u00e9fis en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne ne se limitent pas aux membres fondateurs et que l\u2019\u00e9largissement de la CED peut renforcer la d\u00e9fense collective. Le trait\u00e9 de la CED exige des membres adh\u00e9rents qu\u2019ils s\u2019alignent sur les objectifs de la CED en mati\u00e8re de partage des responsabilit\u00e9s de d\u00e9fense. Le trait\u00e9 souligne ainsi sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 adapter aux changements g\u00e9opolitiques et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution des besoins de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne.<\/span><\/p>\n

En s\u2019inspirant du fonctionnement de l’\u00e9largissement dans le cadre actuel du trait\u00e9 sur l’UE, il est possible d\u2019imaginer la proc\u00e9dure d\u2019adh\u00e9sion dans le cadre de la CED. Sur le plan de la proc\u00e9dure, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 soumettre une demande d\u2019adh\u00e9sion au Conseil de la CED (<\/span>\u00ab Tout \u00c9tat europ\u00e9en peut demander \u00e0 adh\u00e9rer au pr\u00e9sent trait\u00e9. \u00bb) <\/span><\/i>Cela se ferait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par le biais d\u2019une lettre pr\u00e9sentant une demande formelle d\u2019adh\u00e9sion. Ce<\/span> premier paragraphe de l\u2019article 129 de la CED \u00e9nonce \u00e9galement la premi\u00e8re condition d\u2019adh\u00e9sion, faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un <\/span>\u00ab \u00c9tat europ\u00e9en <\/span><\/i>\u00bb. \u00c0 l\u2019instar de l\u2019article 49 du TUE, cela signifie que seuls les \u00c9tats <\/span>g\u00e9ographiquement<\/span><\/i> situ\u00e9s en Europe peuvent adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 la CED. Ensuite, l\u2019accord unanime des membres actuels est une condition sine qua non pour l\u2019adh\u00e9sion potentielle d\u2019un nouveau membre <\/span>(\u00ab Le Conseil, apr\u00e8s avoir pris l’avis du Commissariat, statue \u00e0 l’unanimit\u00e9 et fixe, \u00e9galement \u00e0 l’unanimit\u00e9, les conditions de l’adh\u00e9sion. \u00bb)<\/span><\/i> Les institutions qui seraient principalement impliqu\u00e9es seraient le Commissariat de la CED (conseil d\u2019experts ind\u00e9pendants compos\u00e9 de neuf membres nomm\u00e9s), qui \u00e9mettrait un avis non contraignant, et le Conseil (compos\u00e9 de six repr\u00e9sentants des membres fondateurs), qui approuverait la demande d\u2019adh\u00e9sion par un vote \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9. L\u2019adh\u00e9sion n\u2019est possible que si les six membres fondateurs l\u2019approuvent \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Par la suite, le Conseil de la CED d\u00e9termine \u00e9galement les <\/span>\u00ab conditions d\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00bb.<\/span><\/i> Cela signifie qu\u2019un trait\u00e9 d\u2019adh\u00e9sion devrait \u00eatre r\u00e9dig\u00e9, similaire \u00e0 celui dans le cadre de la proc\u00e9dure d\u2019\u00e9largissement de l\u2019UE. Bien entendu, la CED devrait \u00eatre pr\u00eate \u00e0 int\u00e9grer un nouveau membre dans les capacit\u00e9s op\u00e9rationnelles du pacte de d\u00e9fense. Par cons\u00e9quent, le trait\u00e9 d\u2019adh\u00e9sion garantirait que l\u2019int\u00e9gration entre les anciens et les nouveaux membres se fasse de mani\u00e8re fluide et harmonieuse. Enfin, l\u2019adh\u00e9sion d\u2019un nouveau membre pourrait \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessiter la ratification du trait\u00e9 d\u2019adh\u00e9sion et du trait\u00e9 de la CED par le pays adh\u00e9rent en conformit\u00e9 avec les exigences constitutionnelles nationales de ce pays. Cela pourrait impliquer une ratification par les deux chambres du Parlement. Enfin, le trait\u00e9 d\u2019adh\u00e9sion sign\u00e9 devrait \u00eatre transmis au <\/span>\u00ab gouvernement d\u00e9positaire du pr\u00e9sent trait\u00e9 \u00bb, <\/span><\/i>qui serait le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais dans le cas de la CED (voir l\u2019article 130 du trait\u00e9 de la CED). L\u2019adh\u00e9sion d\u2019un nouveau membre deviendrait alors effective (<\/span>\u00ab Celle-ci prend effet du jour o\u00f9 l’instrument d’adh\u00e9sion est re\u00e7u par le gouvernement d\u00e9positaire du pr\u00e9sent trait\u00e9. \u00bb)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Qu\u2019est-ce qui rend la CED si sp\u00e9ciale ? Une valeur ajout\u00e9e \u00e9vidente est que les membres fondateurs de la CED pourraient fixer des crit\u00e8res d\u2019adh\u00e9sion stricts en appliquant des conditions similaires \u00e0 celles de la politique actuelle d\u2019\u00e9largissement de l\u2019UE, par exemple le respect de l\u2019\u00c9tat de droit et des droits fondamentaux au titre des crit\u00e8res de Copenhague. Cela permettrait \u00e9galement d\u2019exclure les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE, comme la Hongrie, qui ne respectent pas l\u2019\u00c9tat de droit et qui se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s \u00eatre des chevaux de Troie au sein de l\u2019UE. Avantageusement, l\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la CED serait ouverte \u00e0 des \u00c9tats non membres de l\u2019UE qui respectent les valeurs de l\u2019UE et s’int\u00e9ressent \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9gration de la d\u00e9fense, tels que le Royaume-Uni et la Norv\u00e8ge.<\/span> Dans l\u2019ensemble, l\u2019ouverture du trait\u00e9 de la CED \u00e0 l\u2019adh\u00e9sion sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il est con\u00e7u pour s\u2019adapter \u00e0 l’\u00e9volution et \u00e0 l’\u00e9largissement du nombre de ses membres. La CED s\u2019aligne donc sur les discussions en cours concernant l\u2019\u00e9largissement des cadres de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 europ\u00e9ens, en particulier dans le contexte des tensions g\u00e9opolitiques accrues \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019invasion ill\u00e9gale de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie et de la r\u00e9\u00e9lection de Trump aux \u00c9tats-Unis. En conclusion, le trait\u00e9 de la CED pr\u00e9voit un m\u00e9canisme juridique pour l\u2019adh\u00e9sion de nouveaux membres, d\u00e9montrant son potentiel en tant que cadre de d\u00e9fense \u00e9volutif et inclusif.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr Niels Kirst, professeur adjoint de droit europ\u00e9en \u00e0 Dublin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nLa Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) peut-elle \u00eatre \u00e9tendue \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00c9tats membres ? - Alcide Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/can-the-european-defence-community-edc-be-expanded-to-other-member-states\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) peut-elle \u00eatre \u00e9tendue \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00c9tats membres ? 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