{"id":4125,"date":"2024-11-27T15:05:24","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T15:05:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/why-did-france-fail-to-vote-on-the-european-defence-community-in-1954\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:52:12","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:52:12","slug":"why-did-france-fail-to-vote-on-the-european-defence-community-in-1954","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-did-france-fail-to-vote-on-the-european-defence-community-in-1954\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi la France a-t-elle d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de ne pas voter sur la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Professeur Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol<\/strong> (Professeur d’Histoire de l’Int\u00e9gration Europ\u00e9enne, Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en)<\/em><\/p>\n

Le crime du 30 ao\u00fbt<\/span> : c\u2019est ainsi que les d\u00e9put\u00e9s<\/span> du Mouvement R\u00e9publicain Populaire (MRP), parti d\u00e9mocrate-chr\u00e9tien fran\u00e7ais favorable \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne, ont qualifi\u00e9 le rejet par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise<\/span> du trait\u00e9 de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED). Selon eux, ce rejet repr\u00e9sentait une occasion manqu\u00e9e de poursuivre l\u2019int\u00e9gration des \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens, en particulier celle de la France et de l\u2019Allemagne.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi la France a-t-elle rejet\u00e9 le projet qu\u2019elle avait lanc\u00e9 quatre ans plus t\u00f4t ? En octobre 1950, le Premier ministre fran\u00e7ais de l\u2019\u00e9poque, Ren\u00e9 Pleven, proposa la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne dont l\u2019Allemagne ferait partie. L\u2019\u00e9clatement de la guerre de Cor\u00e9e avait rendu la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 du r\u00e9armement allemand plus urgente.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce projet suscita des d\u00e9bats passionn\u00e9s entre les soi-disant c\u00e9distes (favorables \u00e0 la CED) et les antic\u00e9distes<\/span> (oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 la CED). Le philosophe Raymond Aron \u00e9crivit que cette querelle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 le plus grand d\u00e9bat id\u00e9ologique et politique en France depuis l’affaire Dreyfus. L\u2019homme politique Jules Moch d\u00e9clara\u00a0: \u00ab Aucun [autre] vote [que celui du 30 ao\u00fbt 1954] n’aura autant troubl\u00e9 les consciences depuis celui de l’Assembl\u00e9e nationale de Vichy en juillet 1940.<\/span> \u00bb Mais les arguments contre la CED l\u2019emport\u00e8rent finalement sur ceux en sa faveur et conduisirent l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 reporter <\/span>sine die<\/span><\/i> la ratification du trait\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trois raisons permettent d\u2019expliquer le rejet fran\u00e7ais.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Premi\u00e8rement, en 1954, il ne restait plus grand-chose de l\u2019inqui\u00e9tude qui dominait les esprits fran\u00e7ais et europ\u00e9ens lors du lancement du plan Pleven. Staline mourut en mars 1953 et la guerre de Cor\u00e9e s\u2019acheva en juillet de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e. Le contexte international donnait l\u2019impression d\u2019un apaisement de la situation mondiale, conduisant ainsi les Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 \u00eatre moins enclins \u00e0 accepter le r\u00e9armement allemand.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deuxi\u00e8mement, l\u2019opposition \u00e0 la CED gagnait de plus en plus de terrain tant dans l\u2019opinion publique fran\u00e7aise qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise entre 1951 et 1954. L\u2019opinion publique fran\u00e7aise \u00e9tait profond\u00e9ment oppos\u00e9e au projet d\u2019arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne. Les \u00e9lections nationales de juin 1951 virent \u00e0 la fois le d\u00e9clin des partis pro-europ\u00e9ens, tels que le MRP et les socialistes, et l\u2019ascension des opposants d\u00e9clar\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne, comme les gaullistes et les communistes. Le personnel politique changea et des personnalit\u00e9s r\u00e9put\u00e9es moins favorables \u00e0 la CED entr\u00e8rent au gouvernement. Les arguments des antic\u00e9distes<\/span> \u00e9taient multiples : ils \u00e9taient oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 toute forme de r\u00e9armement allemand ; ils critiquaient le caract\u00e8re supranational du projet ; ils craignaient la domination allemande de la CED ; et ils redoutaient que la CED n\u2019affaiblisse la relation franco-britannique. Les arguments des c\u00e9distes paraissaient relativement faibles en comparaison. La perspective d\u2019une agression sovi\u00e9tique en 1954 ne semblait pas aussi r\u00e9aliste qu\u2019en 1950. Les c\u00e9distes pr\u00e9sentaient la CED comme un moyen de maintenir la force de l\u2019alliance atlantique, plut\u00f4t que comme un choix libre.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Troisi\u00e8mement, le projet de la CED lui-m\u00eame avait chang\u00e9 entre-temps. Alors que le plan Pleven initial \u00e9tait discriminatoire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019Allemagne, les Allemands avaient r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 faire supprimer ces clauses tr\u00e8s discriminatoires du trait\u00e9 sign\u00e9 par les Fran\u00e7ais en mai 1952. Par exemple, les Fran\u00e7ais finirent par accepter que l\u2019Allemagne aurait son propre minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense et qu’au lieu d’un seul commissaire, tr\u00e8s probablement fran\u00e7ais, il y aurait un organe coll\u00e9gial. C\u2019est pourquoi le Parlement fran\u00e7ais, qui n\u2019approuva pas ces concessions, avait ajout\u00e9 des conditions pr\u00e9alables \u00e0 toute ratification du trait\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais, ironie du sort, apr\u00e8s la non-ratification du trait\u00e9 de la CED par la France, l\u2019Allemagne retrouva sa souverainet\u00e9 et se r\u00e9arma gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019Union de l\u2019Europe occidentale et \u00e0 son adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l\u2019OTAN, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire bien plus que ce que l\u2019Allemagne n\u2019aurait gagn\u00e9 du trait\u00e9 de la CED rejet\u00e9 par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Professeur Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol (Professeur d’Histoire de l’Int\u00e9gration Europ\u00e9enne, Institut Universitaire […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4103,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nPourquoi la France a-t-elle d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de ne pas voter sur la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense ? - Alcide Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-did-france-fail-to-vote-on-the-european-defence-community-in-1954\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pourquoi la France a-t-elle d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de ne pas voter sur la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense ? 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