{"id":4129,"date":"2024-11-26T14:28:44","date_gmt":"2024-11-26T14:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/the-european-defense-community-edc\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:40:25","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:40:25","slug":"the-european-defense-community-edc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/the-european-defense-community-edc\/","title":{"rendered":"La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Harold James, professeur d’histoire europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de Princeton.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

La CED est n\u00e9e \u00e0 un moment de grande instabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique, d\u2019une intensit\u00e9 qui ne sera plus \u00e9gal\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019invasion \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie en f\u00e9vrier 2022. Staline \u00e9tait au sommet de son agressivit\u00e9 et de son impr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9. En 1949, l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique testa avec succ\u00e8s une bombe atomique et la menace d\u2019une guerre nucl\u00e9aire \u00e9tait bien r\u00e9elle. Les incertitudes se multipliaient. Il n\u2019\u00e9tait \u00e9videmment pas possible de pr\u00e9dire qui serait le vainqueur d\u2019une guerre atomique si elle devait avoir lieu. Le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Omar Bradley, pr\u00e9sident du comit\u00e9 des chefs d’\u00e9tat-major des \u00c9tats-Unis, d\u00e9clara au Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 national que si la guerre \u00e9clatait, \u00ab nous risquons de la perdre \u00bb. Et la guerre pourrait \u00e9clater pour toute une s\u00e9rie de probl\u00e8mes et de causes : \u00e0 Berlin, en Yougoslavie (dont les relations avec l\u2019URSS \u00e9taient floues et qui revendiquait Trieste et mena\u00e7ait l\u2019Italie), en Gr\u00e8ce ou en Turquie, en Iran ou en Cor\u00e9e. Au final, c\u2019est en Cor\u00e9e que la guerre \u00e9clata, une guerre extr\u00eamement co\u00fbteuse mais non atomique. Alors qu\u2019ils \u00e9taient engag\u00e9s dans le conflit cor\u00e9en, les \u00c9tats-Unis craignaient qu\u2019une Troisi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale ne se d\u00e9veloppe sur plusieurs fronts, comme la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et que l\u2019Europe ne soit vuln\u00e9rable. Ils incit\u00e8rent donc les Europ\u00e9ens \u00e0 faire davantage pour se d\u00e9fendre. L\u2019Allemagne, qui n’avait plus d’arm\u00e9e apr\u00e8s la catastrophe de la dictature nazie, se montra particuli\u00e8rement enthousiaste et insista sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une pr\u00e9sence militaire allemande dans la d\u00e9fense de l\u2019Europe. Le chancelier allemand Konrad Adenauer d\u00e9clara au haut-commissaire am\u00e9ricain en Allemagne\u00a0: \u00ab Je suis convaincu que Staline a le m\u00eame plan pour l\u2019Europe que pour la Cor\u00e9e. Ce qui se passe l\u00e0-bas est une r\u00e9p\u00e9tition g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de ce qui nous attend ici. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise \u00e9tait fortement engag\u00e9e en Indochine et les soldats britanniques luttaient contre une insurrection soutenue par les communistes en Malaisie. En Europe, il semblait y avoir un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre militaire important, avec seulement 14 divisions occidentales face \u00e0 180 divisions du bloc de l\u2019Est. Le r\u00e9armement de l’Allemagne se heurtait toutefois \u00e0 une forte r\u00e9sistance, notamment en France. Cependant, Adenauer faisait pression pour une plus grande int\u00e9gration occidentale et voulait qu\u2019une nouvelle arm\u00e9e allemande d\u00e9mocratis\u00e9e devienne un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 de la d\u00e9fense occidentale.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense naquit d\u2019un plan \u00e9labor\u00e9 par le ministre fran\u00e7ais de la D\u00e9fense (et futur Premier ministre) Ren\u00e9 Pleven, avec la contribution notable de Jean Monnet. Ce plan pr\u00e9voyait une autorit\u00e9 supranationale, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de celle la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne du charbon et de l\u2019acier contemporaine, pour superviser les troupes europ\u00e9ennes, y compris les Allemands. Dans le concept initial de Pleven, il y aurait une arm\u00e9e de 100\u00a0000 hommes, avec des bataillons combin\u00e9s de diff\u00e9rents pays europ\u00e9ens, y compris l\u2019Allemagne, et l\u2019effort militaire serait soutenu par un budget commun. En ce sens, le plan aurait signifi\u00e9 la fin de l\u2019id\u00e9e traditionnelle de la souverainet\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat-nation. Pleven parlait d\u2019 \u00ab une arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne rattach\u00e9e \u00e0 des institutions politiques de l’Europe unie \u00bb. Il expliqua cette proposition comme l\u2019aboutissement logique des recommandations adopt\u00e9es par le Conseil de l\u2019Europe le 11 ao\u00fbt 1950, appelant \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation imm\u00e9diate d\u2019une arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les aspects les plus importants du plan, \u00e0 mesure qu\u2019il se d\u00e9veloppait, comprenaient le contr\u00f4le d\u00e9mocratique ou parlementaire. Si les citoyens sont appel\u00e9s \u00e0 risquer leur vie pour une communaut\u00e9, ils doivent donner leur un assentiment actif. Une Assembl\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne, sur le mod\u00e8le de celle d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e simultan\u00e9ment pour la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne du charbon et de l\u2019acier, aurait le contr\u00f4le des d\u00e9cisions politiques et strat\u00e9giques de la communaut\u00e9 de la d\u00e9fense, tandis que le commandement militaire quotidien resterait entre les mains d\u2019un haut commandant nomm\u00e9 par les \u00c9tats membres. L\u2019article 38 du trait\u00e9 de la CED pr\u00e9voyait donc une structure f\u00e9d\u00e9rale charg\u00e9e de superviser et de contr\u00f4ler d\u00e9mocratiquement l\u2019arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne pr\u00e9vue.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019arm\u00e9e pr\u00e9vue \u00e9tait<\/span> consid\u00e9rablement plus grande que celle initialement envisag\u00e9e par Pleven. Il y aurait 43 groupes nationaux, chacun repr\u00e9sentant une division, dont 14 seraient fournis par la France et 12 chacun par l\u2019Italie et l\u2019Allemagne. Les unit\u00e9s nationales porteraient un nouvel uniforme commun et d\u00e9pendraient des \u00ab \u00e9chelons supranationaux \u00bb, avec des corps d\u2019arm\u00e9e form\u00e9s d\u2019unit\u00e9s de diff\u00e9rentes nationalit\u00e9s. Les \u00e9coles militaires encourageraient la connaissance d\u2019autres langues et une langue auxiliaire (l\u2019anglais) serait utilis\u00e9e pour les communications. Les seules unit\u00e9s militaires en dehors de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement europ\u00e9en commun seraient destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense de la France d\u2019outre-mer (\u00e0 savoir Indochine, Afrique du Nord et de l\u2019Ouest).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le trait\u00e9 de la CED fut sign\u00e9 le 27 mai 1952 \u00e0 Paris. Le ministre britannique des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, Anthony Eden, \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sent et signa, avec Robert Schuman et le secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat am\u00e9ricain Dean Acheson, une d\u00e9claration des trois puissances, d\u00e9clarant leur \u00ab int\u00e9r\u00eat constant \u00bb pour le maintien de la CED : \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9tablissement et le d\u00e9veloppement de ces institutions de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne correspondent \u00e0 leurs propres int\u00e9r\u00eats fondamentaux. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, un certain scepticisme r\u00e9gnait, m\u00eame en 1952, et des voix \u00e9minentes en Grande-Bretagne et aux \u00c9tats-Unis exprimaient leur d\u00e9saccord. Le secr\u00e9taire am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 la D\u00e9fense, George Marshall, qualifia la CED de \u00ab nuage miasmique \u00bb et Winston Churchill d\u2019 \u00ab amalgame vaseux \u00bb. Une grande partie de l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise y \u00e9tait hostile. Devant l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise, le Premier ministre d\u2019avant-guerre, \u00c9douard Daladier, expliqua que l\u2019arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne \u00e9tait un \u00ab projet p\u00e9rilleux pour la France et pour la paix \u00bb qui ne pourrait pas arr\u00eater les sovi\u00e9tiques, et que les \u00c9tats-Unis \u00ab faisaient le jeu de l\u2019Allemagne \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, les \u00e9l\u00e9ments cl\u00e9s du plan\u00a0: l\u2019existence supranationale, la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019ajouter de nouveaux membres (avec une association du Royaume-Uni), le contr\u00f4le d\u00e9mocratique et un lien avec l\u2019OTAN au moment au moment d\u2019un d\u00e9fi s\u00e9curitaire intense et mena\u00e7ant, restent une source d\u2019inspiration. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Harold James, professeur d’histoire europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de Princeton. La […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nLa Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) - Alcide Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/the-european-defense-community-edc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (CED) - Alcide Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Harold James, professeur d’histoire europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de Princeton. 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