{"id":4145,"date":"2024-11-15T15:55:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-15T15:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/why-is-a-european-defence-union-legally-unfeasible-today\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:34:04","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:34:04","slug":"why-is-a-european-defence-union-legally-unfeasible-today","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-is-a-european-defence-union-legally-unfeasible-today\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi une Union europ\u00e9enne de la d\u00e9fense est-elle juridiquement impossible aujourd\u2019hui ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Davide Genini<\/strong> (Doctorant \u00e0 Dublin City University)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) dispose d\u2019une politique de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de d\u00e9fense commune (PSDC). Le cadre de la PSDC, tel qu\u2019il est d\u00e9fini dans le trait\u00e9 de Lisbonne, d\u00e9finit la capacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle de l\u2019UE \u00e0 mener des missions civiles et militaires au-del\u00e0 de ses fronti\u00e8res, avec pour objectif global de renforcer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale et de soutenir les principes de la Charte des Nations unies. Bien que la PSDC rel\u00e8ve techniquement des comp\u00e9tences de l\u2019UE (Art. 2 (4) du TFUE), elle reste fermement un domaine de haute politique que les \u00c9tats membres sont r\u00e9ticents \u00e0 transf\u00e9rer \u00e0 l\u2019UE au m\u00eame titre que<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entre autres, la politique mon\u00e9taire et l\u2019union douani\u00e8re. Par cons\u00e9quent, la PSDC est r\u00e9gie par des \u00ab r\u00e8gles et proc\u00e9dures sp\u00e9cifiques \u00bb qui la distinguent des autres politiques de l\u2019Union (Art. 24 (1) du TUE). Le paysage g\u00e9opolitique de plus en plus dangereux a soulign\u00e9 l\u2019urgence de cr\u00e9er une v\u00e9ritable Union europ\u00e9enne de la d\u00e9fense (UED). Toutefois, l\u2019UE ne dispose pas de la force et des instruments n\u00e9cessaires pour se transformer en une UED, en raison de trois principaux obstacles juridiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Premi\u00e8rement, le <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">syst\u00e8me de gouvernance intergouvernementale<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Toute action dans les domaines de la PSDC requiert l\u2019accord unanime des ministres de la d\u00e9fense des \u00c9tats membres au sein du Conseil, ce qui entrave la capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9action rapide aux chocs s\u00e9curitaires. Il est essentiel de noter que tout passage de l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9e dans le cadre de la PSDC est cat\u00e9goriquement exclu (Articles 31 (3) et 48 (7) du TUE). La Commission europ\u00e9enne n\u2019a aucune autorit\u00e9 dans le domaine de la d\u00e9fense, tandis que le haut repr\u00e9sentant ne dispose pas du mandat et des pouvoirs d\u2019un v\u00e9ritable ministre de la D\u00e9fense, ce qui prive l\u2019UED d\u2019un responsable supranational d\u00e9cisif. L\u2019UE ne poss\u00e8de aucun moyen militaire ind\u00e9pendant, d\u00e9pendant plut\u00f4t de la disponibilit\u00e9 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ad hoc<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> des ressources des \u00c9tats membres individuels (Article 42 (1) du TUE). Elle ne dispose pas d\u2019une structure permanente et pleinement op\u00e9rationnelle de commandement et de contr\u00f4le (C2) pour les op\u00e9rations militaires de grande envergure men\u00e9es au-del\u00e0 de ses fronti\u00e8res, car la capacit\u00e9 de planification et de conduite militaires (CPCM) existante n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue pour g\u00e9rer de grandes missions ex\u00e9cutives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une arm\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne commune n\u00e9cessite d\u00e9sormais l\u2019approbation unanime de l\u2019ensemble des vingt-sept \u00c9tats membres au niveau des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat ou de gouvernement au sein du Conseil europ\u00e9en (Art. 42 (2) du TUE). Ce processus exige un alignement ardu des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences politiques et des priorit\u00e9s strat\u00e9giques diverses, y compris celles des \u00c9tats neutres, sous une reconnaissance commune du fait que la d\u00e9fense de l\u2019Europe rel\u00e8ve fondamentalement d\u2019une responsabilit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne, plut\u00f4t que nationale ou transatlantique, en vertu de la clause de d\u00e9fense mutuelle de l\u2019art. 42 (7) du TUE. M\u00eame si ce consensus \u00e9tait atteint, un autre obstacle proc\u00e9dural subsiste\u00a0: la ratification par chaque \u00c9tat membre conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 ses exigences constitutionnelles. Cela implique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement l\u2019approbation du Parlement et, dans certains cas, des r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums publics, ce qui ajoute un niveau de complexit\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaire \u00e0 la formation<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d\u2019une d\u00e9fense europ\u00e9enne commune unifi\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deuxi\u00e8mement, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">le manque de l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Le Parlement europ\u00e9en (PE) est la seule institution directement \u00e9lue de l\u2019UE et incarne le noyau d\u00e9mocratique de l\u2019Union. Bien que les pouvoirs du PE se soient \u00e9tendus au fil des \u00e9tapes successives de l\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne, le PE ne joue toujours pas de r\u00f4le substantiel en vertu du label \u00ab r\u00e8gles et proc\u00e9dures sp\u00e9cifiques \u00bb qui r\u00e9git le cadre de la PSDC (Art. 24 (1) du TUE). Il n\u2019a ni le pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif d\u2019initier ou d\u2019approuver les d\u00e9cisions de la PSDC, ni des pouvoirs de contr\u00f4le effectifs, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de consultations limit\u00e9es avec le haut repr\u00e9sentant, de recommandations occasionnelles au Conseil (Art. 36 du TUE) et de r\u00e9solutions non contraignantes. En outre, le PE n\u2019a qu\u2019une influence minimale sur les d\u00e9penses de la PSDC dans le cadre financier pluriannuel, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que la plupart des d\u00e9penses de la PSDC sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es par des m\u00e9canismes hors budget.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Troisi\u00e8mement,<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> l\u2019impr\u00e9paration financi\u00e8re<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. L\u2019article 41 (2) du TUE interdit l\u2019utilisation du budget g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019UE \u00e0 des fins militaires, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de recourir \u00e0 des instruments alternatifs. Actuellement, les actions militaires sont financ\u00e9es par la Facilit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne pour la paix, un fonds hors budget dans lequel les \u00c9tats membres conservent toute latitude quant au calendrier, au montant et \u00e0 l\u2019orientation de leurs investissements. Parall\u00e8lement, le budget g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019UE, limit\u00e9 aux missions civiles, n\u2019alloue que 2,5\u00a0milliards d\u2019euros \u00e0 la PSDC pour la p\u00e9riode 2021-2027, soit<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">l&rsquo;une des plus faibles allocations de l&rsquo;Union. Ce qui aggrave encore la situation, c\u2019est que les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE sortent de trois d\u00e9cennies de sous-investissement dans la d\u00e9fense. La plupart d\u2019entre eux n\u2019atteignent syst\u00e9matiquement pas l\u2019objectif de 2\u00a0% du PIB en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9penses de d\u00e9fense, une situation qui n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 que partiellement rectifi\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019invasion \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie en 2022. Les d\u00e9penses totales de l\u2019UE en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9fense repr\u00e9sentent environ un tiers de celles des \u00c9tats-Unis, et l\u2019industrie de la d\u00e9fense europ\u00e9enne elle-m\u00eame est fragment\u00e9e, manque d\u2019interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et souffre de duplications, les fabricants europ\u00e9ens produisant plus de vingt mod\u00e8les de chars, contre un seul aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Bien que l\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019une dette commune de l\u2019UE constituerait un instrument d\u00e9cisif pour aligner les finances de l\u2019UE sur les priorit\u00e9s s\u00e9curitaires \u00e9mergentes et permettre de concurrencer les \u00c9tats-Unis sur un pied d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, cela n\u00e9cessiterait juridiquement une d\u00e9cision unanime des \u00c9tats membres, ce qui reste politiquement irr\u00e9alisable en raison de la forte opposition des \u00c9tats membres dits \u00ab frugaux \u00bb.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En conclusion, l\u2019UE reste mal \u00e9quip\u00e9e sur le plan juridique<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pour mettre en place une v\u00e9ritable Union europ\u00e9enne de la d\u00e9fense. Bien que la pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, Ursula von der Leyen, ait nomm\u00e9 le tout premier commissaire \u00e0 la D\u00e9fense et \u00e0 l\u2019Espace et qu\u2019elle ait charg\u00e9 le nouveau haut repr\u00e9sentant de construire une v\u00e9ritable UED, l\u2019UE ne dispose pas des \u00e9l\u00e9ments fondamentaux\u00a0: une gouvernance centralis\u00e9e, une l\u00e9gitimation d\u00e9mocratique et des ressources financi\u00e8res suffisantes, ne serait-ce que pour envisager une d\u00e9fense commune.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Davide Genini (Doctorant \u00e0 Dublin City University) L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4377,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Pourquoi une Union europ\u00e9enne de la d\u00e9fense est-elle juridiquement impossible aujourd\u2019hui ? 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