{"id":4716,"date":"2024-12-16T13:40:43","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T13:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T16:38:23","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T16:38:23","slug":"why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Samuel B.H. Faure<\/strong>, Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of International Relations at Sciences Po Saint-Germain (Cergy Paris University), Visiting Researcher at the Institute of European Studies at the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les discussions sur une Base industrielle et technologique de d\u00e9fense europ\u00e9enne (BITDE) \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 en cours au d\u00e9but du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Dix ans apr\u00e8s l\u2019annexion de la Crim\u00e9e par la Russie et trois ans apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la guerre en Ukraine, les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE d\u00e9pensent toujours moins d\u2019un euro sur cinq (18\u00a0%) pour des armements produits en coop\u00e9ration europ\u00e9enne, et il n\u2019y a que deux entreprises europ\u00e9ennes int\u00e9gr\u00e9es sur le continent : Airbus et MBDA. Il en r\u00e9sulte, ainsi que l\u2019indique le r\u00e9cent rapport Draghi, une d\u00e9pendance militaro-industrielle aux \u00c9tats-Unis qui s\u2019est accrue depuis 2022. Pourtant, pourquoi l’UE n’a-t-elle pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n

En Europe, le r\u00e9gime politique de l\u2019industrie de la d\u00e9fense a produit deux types de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences politico-industrielles, entra\u00eenant une fragmentation persistante de l\u2019industrie de la d\u00e9fense sur le continent. Les \u00c9tats dot\u00e9s d\u2019une industrie de la d\u00e9fense forte et ind\u00e9pendante, tels que la France, mais aussi l\u2019Italie, l\u2019Allemagne et la Su\u00e8de, ont tendance \u00e0 valoriser leurs entreprises nationales : Dassault Aviation, Leonardo, Rheinmetall, Saad, entre autres. En revanche, les \u00c9tats qui ne peuvent pas compter sur un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me industriel d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle nationale, comme l\u2019Estonie, la Lettonie et la Lituanie, le Danemark, la Pologne et les Pays-Bas, par exemple, ont pris l\u2019habitude politique d\u2019importer des \u00e9quipements, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s et produits g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement aux \u00c9tats-Unis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces deux \u00ab d\u00e9pendances<\/span> de trajectoire \u00bb se combinent souvent, limitant encore davantage la fen\u00eatre d\u2019opportunit\u00e9 et les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences des \u00c9tats \u00e0 choisir la coop\u00e9ration europ\u00e9enne et une BITDE int\u00e9gr\u00e9e pour armer l\u2019Europe. Dans le secteur terrestre, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 allemande Krauss-Maffei Wegmann et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise Nexter sont associ\u00e9es au consortium KNDS, qui reste toutefois faiblement int\u00e9gr\u00e9. En 2024, l\u2019italienne Leonardo et l\u2019allemande Rheinmetall ont fusionn\u00e9 leurs activit\u00e9s pour cr\u00e9er la coentreprise Leonardo Rheinmetall Military Vehicles (LRMV). Dans le secteur naval, le consortium Naviris r\u00e9unit depuis 2020 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise Naval Group et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 italienne Fincantieri. En 2021, le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais a bloqu\u00e9 l\u2019acquisition de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> fran\u00e7aise STX par Fincantieri. En 2023, le gouvernement italien s\u2019est m\u00eame oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019acquisition de Microtecnica par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise Safran, avant de lever son veto en 2024.<\/span> La guerre en Ukraine n\u2019a pas (encore) produit de nouveaux champions europ\u00e9ens de l’industrie de la d\u00e9fense.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cette fragmentation de la BITDE a \u00e9t\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e par la gouvernance intergouvernementale des politiques militaro-industrielles au sein de l\u2019UE. L\u2019un des d\u00e9fis r\u00e9side dans les relations interinstitutionnelles limit\u00e9es et le manque de flux d\u2019informations entre les services de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, les d\u00e9put\u00e9s europ\u00e9ens (MPE) et les repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats membres si\u00e9geant \u00e0 l\u2019Agence europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense (AED).<\/span> En outre, les difficult\u00e9s bureaucratiques et politiques d\u00e9j\u00e0 en cours ont affaibli les efforts visant \u00e0 consolider une politique industrielle de l\u2019UE dans le secteur de la d\u00e9fense, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019institutionnalisation du Fonds europ\u00e9en de la d\u00e9fense (FED) en 2021 dans le cadre du CFP 2021-2027 et la cr\u00e9ation de deux autres fonds budg\u00e9taires relativement plus modestes en 2023 (le r\u00e8glement relatif au soutien \u00e0 la production de munitions (ASAP) et l\u2019instrument visant \u00e0 renforcer l’industrie europ\u00e9enne de la d\u00e9fense au moyen d’acquisitions conjointes (EDIRPA)).<\/span><\/p>\n

Simultan\u00e9ment et en dehors de l\u2019UE, des \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens, principalement mais pas exclusivement des \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE, se sont engag\u00e9s dans plusieurs programmes d’armement \u00ab majeurs \u00bb bilat\u00e9raux et minilat\u00e9raux tels que le char de combat du futur entre l\u2019Allemagne et la France (Syst\u00e8me principal de combat terrestre (MGCS)) et celui entre l\u2019Italie et le Royaume-Uni (Programme mondial de combat a\u00e9rien (GCAP)), l\u2019avion de combat du futur entre l\u2019Allemagne, la France et l\u2019Espagne, projet dont la Belgique est membre observateur (Syst\u00e8me de combat a\u00e9rien du futur (SCAF))<\/span>,<\/span><\/i> et le drone militaire entre l\u2019Allemagne, la France, l\u2019Espagne et l\u2019Italie (Syst\u00e8me d\u2019a\u00e9ronef t\u00e9l\u00e9pilot\u00e9 (RPAS)) ou le projet de d\u00e9veloppement dans le domaine des drones terrestres (v\u00e9hicules a\u00e9riens sans pilote (UAVs)) partag\u00e9 par l\u2019Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni dans le cadre du r\u00e9cent accord de Trinity House. Toutefois, la communaut\u00e9 des experts s’accorde \u00e0 dire que ces programmes d’armement ne sont pas encore \u00ab trop grands pour \u00e9chouer \u00bb.<\/span> En d\u2019autres termes, l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se selon laquelle<\/span> ces programmes d\u2019armement \u00e9choueront et laisseront la place \u00e0 des programmes nationaux et\/ou \u00e0 l\u2019achat d\u2019\u00e9quipements militaires am\u00e9ricains est \u00e0 prendre au s\u00e9rieux, en particulier dans un contexte de rigueur budg\u00e9taire et d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique nationale en Europe.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er une BITDE s\u2019est toutefois encore accrue apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9\u00e9lection de Donald J. Trump \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sidence des \u00c9tats-Unis. Pourtant, le r\u00e9gime militaro-industriel europ\u00e9en continue de favoriser la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des entreprises nationales \u00ab par le bas \u00bb, et \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard de l\u2019industrie am\u00e9ricaine \u00ab par le haut \u00bb. Si la rh\u00e9torique politique sur la priorit\u00e9 de construire une \u00ab autonomie strat\u00e9gique \u00bb, une \u00ab souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00bb et une \u00ab Europe g\u00e9opolitique \u00bb est sinc\u00e8re, elle doit alors se traduire par des instruments politiques qui encouragent la conduite de programmes d\u2019armement en coop\u00e9ration europ\u00e9enne, et la cr\u00e9ation de \u00ab champions europ\u00e9ens \u00bb qui int\u00e9greraient la BITDE. L\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019industrie de la d\u00e9fense n\u00e9cessite un travail coordonn\u00e9 des services de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, des d\u00e9put\u00e9s europ\u00e9ens et des repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats membres au sein de l\u2019AED. La cr\u00e9ation d\u2019espaces institutionnels facilitant leur travail quotidien n\u2019est pas un gadget technocratique, mais une condition essentielle \u00e0 leur r\u00e9ussite.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans ce contexte, les instruments politiques intergouvernementaux produisent des effets insuffisants et peuvent m\u00eame \u00eatre bloquants. Les repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats membres (chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement, ministres, diplomates) d\u00e9tiennent la cl\u00e9 pour sortir de l\u2019impasse et comprendre que l\u2019int\u00e9gration de la BITDE n\u2019est pas un jeu \u00e0 somme nulle mais peut \u00eatre un jeu \u00e0 somme positive pour chacun d\u2019entre eux. Leur soutien aux instruments politiques supranationaux tels que le succ\u00e8s de l\u2019EDIP (programme europ\u00e9en pour l’industrie de la d\u00e9fense), l\u2019augmentation du volume budg\u00e9taire du prochain CFP et, partant, du FED, et l\u2019adoption du vote \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9e (VMQ) au sein du Conseil europ\u00e9en contribueraient tous \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9gration de la BITDE. Le projet de trait\u00e9 instituant la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense pourrait constituer une autre voie appropri\u00e9e pour l\u2019int\u00e9gration politique d\u2019un \u00ab pouvoir \u00e9tatique central \u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Samuel B.H. Faure, Associate Professor of Political Science and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4543,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,122],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-fr","category-research-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nPourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Alcide Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"wp-alcideprojecteu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"wp-alcideprojecteu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"wp-alcideprojecteu\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05651539c5b4fc77e1d94c7c778e227c\"},\"headline\":\"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ?\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\"},\"wordCount\":1248,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Blog-fr\",\"Research-fr\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\",\"name\":\"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00\",\"description\":\"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":720},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Alcide Project\",\"description\":\"Alcide Project\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Alcide Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/alcide-logo-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/alcide-logo-blue.png\",\"width\":400,\"height\":80,\"caption\":\"Alcide Project\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05651539c5b4fc77e1d94c7c778e227c\",\"name\":\"wp-alcideprojecteu\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c0dd15ac3fee17a21f855738ff6f9150aa638fedf626b877361706370a389158?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c0dd15ac3fee17a21f855738ff6f9150aa638fedf626b877361706370a389158?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"wp-alcideprojecteu\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/author\/wp-alcideprojecteu\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project","description":"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project","og_description":"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army","og_url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/","og_site_name":"Alcide Project","article_published_time":"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":720,"url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"wp-alcideprojecteu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"wp-alcideprojecteu","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/"},"author":{"name":"wp-alcideprojecteu","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05651539c5b4fc77e1d94c7c778e227c"},"headline":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ?","datePublished":"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/"},"wordCount":1248,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png","articleSection":["Blog-fr","Research-fr"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/","url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/","name":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ? - Alcide Project","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png","datePublished":"2024-12-16T13:40:43+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-24T16:38:23+00:00","description":"edtib, european defence, industrial, military, EU, army","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ALCIDE-banner-16.png","width":1280,"height":720},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/why-have-european-states-failed-to-create-a-edtib-and-how-to-fix-it\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pourquoi les \u00c9tats europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont-ils pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une BITDE et comment y rem\u00e9dier ?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/","name":"Alcide Project","description":"Alcide Project","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#organization","name":"Alcide Project","url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/alcide-logo-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/alcide-logo-blue.png","width":400,"height":80,"caption":"Alcide Project"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/05651539c5b4fc77e1d94c7c778e227c","name":"wp-alcideprojecteu","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c0dd15ac3fee17a21f855738ff6f9150aa638fedf626b877361706370a389158?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c0dd15ac3fee17a21f855738ff6f9150aa638fedf626b877361706370a389158?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"wp-alcideprojecteu"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/alcideproject.eu"],"url":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/author\/wp-alcideprojecteu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4716"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4717,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4716\/revisions\/4717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alcideproject.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}